Use of " Should have "

We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.

• I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot.
• He should have sent everybody a reminder by email.
• They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.

We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.

• She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later.
• He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him.
• They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.

We can use ' should not have'  to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.

• She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office.
• He shouldn't have boarded his plane yet. We can probably still get hold of him.
• They shouldn't have sent the report off for printing yet. There is still time to make changes.

We can also use 'should not have'  to regret past actions.

• I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologise.
• We shouldn't have left the office so late. We should have anticipated this bad traffic.

They shouldn't have sacked him. He was the most creative person on their team.

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"Must", "mustn't", and "needn't"

Must           mustn't               needn't

'You must do something' = it is necessary that you do it:
* Don't tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret.
* We haven't got much time. We must hurry.


'You mustn't do something' = it is necessary that you do not do it (so don't do it):
* You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anybody else. (= don't tell anybody else)
* It's essential that nobody hears us. We mustn't make any noise.


'You needn't do something' = it is not necessary that you do it, you don't need to do it:
* You can come with me if you like but you needn't come if you don't want to. (= it is not necessary for you to come)
* We've got plenty of time. We needn't hurry. (= it is not necessary to hurry)


Instead of needn't, you can use don't/doesn't need to. So you can say:
* We needn't hurry. or We don't need to hurry.
Remember that we say 'don't need to do', but 'needn't do' (without to).
Needn't and don't need to are similar to don't have to:
* We've got plenty of time. We don't have to hurry.


Needn't have (done)
Study this example situation:
I think it's going to rain. I'll take the umbrella.
I needn't have brought the umbrella.
George had to go out. He thought it was going to rain, so he decided to take the umbrella.


But it didn't rain, so the umbrella was not necessary. So:
He needn't have taken the umbrella.
'He needn't have taken the umbrella' = He took the umbrella but this was not necessary. Of course, he didn't know this when he went out.


Compare needn't (do) and needn't have (done):
* That shirt isn't dirty. You needn't wash it.
* Why did you wash that shirt? It wasn't dirty. You needn't have washed it.
Didn't need to (do) and needn't have (done)


I didn't need to ... = it was not necessary for me to... (and I knew this at the time):
* I didn't need to get up early, so I didn't.
* I didn't need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did.


'I needn't have (done) something' = I did something but now I know that it was not necessary:
* I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long to get ready. So, I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.

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Must or have to

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

• There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
• You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
• I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
• It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

• I must go to bed earlier.
• They must do something about it.
• You must come and see us some time.
• I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

• I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
• We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
• You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
• I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)

• I'll have to speak to him.
• We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
• They'll have to do something about it.

I'll have to get back to you on that.

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Difference between "can" and "be able to"

Can

Be Able To

Both can and be able to can be used to talk about ability. In some cases they are interchangeable.

Using can

Can is used in the present tense. It is used to talk about our ability to do things.

Examples

·        I can swim.

·        She can speak English well.

·        I can swim across that stream.

Be able to is also possible in these cases; however, it sounds a bit more formal here.

·  I am able to knit. (Less natural than ‘I can knit.’)

·  She is able to speak English well.

To talk about our past ability, we use could. Was/were able to is also possible.

Study the examples given below.

·  She could read when she was three. OR She was able to read when she was three.

Again, in spoken English, we are less likely to use was able to.

As you can see in all of these sentences, we were talking about general ability. Things that we can or we could do at any time in the present or in the past.

To talk about things that we managed to do on specific occasions in the past, we cannot use could. Instead, we use was/were able to. The verb managed, succeeded (in…ing) are also possible in this case.

·   I was able to get some really good bargains in the sale. (NOT I could get some really good bargains in the sale.)

·  After climbing for several hours, we managed to get to the top of the mountain. OR After climbing for several hours, we were able to get to the top of the mountain. (NOT … we could get to the top of the mountain.)

Both could and be able to can be used to say that we were not capable of doing something on a specific occasion.

·  In spite of climbing for hours, we couldn’t get to the top of the mountain. OR In spite of climbing for hours, we weren’t able to get to the top of the mountain.

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Going to and Present Continuous

to the simple future we can talk about future events by using either:

• the present continuous, or
• to be (in the simple present) + going to +verb.

These two forms are used to talk about future plans. There are, however, some differences between the two forms.

1. The present continuous for future plans:

The present continuous is used when we say what we have planned and arranged to do at a specific time in the future. These are fixed plans with definite time and/or place.

Examples:

• I'm doing my homework this evening.
• I'm starting university in September.
• Sally is meeting John at seven o'clock this evening in a restaurant downtown.

2. To be + going to + verb:

A. We use 'going to' to express the future when we intend to do something or have decided to do something but did not arrange it. It is just an intention.

Example:

• A: The windows are dirty.
  B: Yes I know. I'm going to clean them later.
   = I've decided to clean them ,but I haven't arranged to clean them.

B. We also use 'going to' to make predictions.

• Watch out! you are going to break the glass.
• It's so cloudy! I think it's going to rain.

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Will be doing and Will have done

Will be doing and Will have done

The future continuous (will be + ‘ing’ form) and the future perfect (will have + past participle) tenses are used to talk about events in the future.

Future continuous

·                                 Don’t ring at 8 o’clock. I’ll be watching Who Wants to be a Millionaire.

·                                 This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting on the beach. I can’t wait!

We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future.

·                                 Don’t phone grandma now, she’ll be having dinner.

·                                 The kids are very quiet. They’ll be doing something wrong, I know it!

These sentences are not about the future but we can use the future continuous to talk about what we assume is happening at the moment.

Future Perfect

·                                 Do you think you will have finished it by next Thursday?

·                                 In 5 years time I’ll have finished university and I’ll be able to earn some money at last.

We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future.

We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in’

·                                 I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2020.

·                                 I’ll have finished in an hour and then you can use the computer.

‘By’ means ‘not later than a particular time’ and ‘in’ means 'within a period of time’. We don’t know exactly when something will finish.

·                                 I promise I’ll have done all the work by next Saturday.

We don’t know exactly when he will finish the work – maybe Thursday, maybe Friday – but definitely before Saturday. 
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Verb -ing for the future

Verb -ing for the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example,tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.

I am taking my exam next month.
past	present	future
!!!
	A firm plan or programme exists now.	The action is in the future.

Look at these examples:

• We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
• They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
• When are you starting your new job?

In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.

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Used to and Be Used to

Used to and Be Used to

‘used to + infinitive’ and ‘be/get used to’

People often get confused about the use of used to + infinitive and be/get used to + ‘ing’ form because they look similar. They are, however, completely different.

‘used to + infinitive’

We use ‘used to’ to talk about things that happened in the past – actions or states – that no longer happen now.

·                                 She used to be a long distance runner when she was younger.

·                                 I used to eat meat but I became a vegetarian 5 years ago.

The negative is ‘didn’t use to’ and questions are formed with ‘Did you use to …?’
There is no present tense equivalent of ‘used to’. To talk about present habits we use the present simple and an adverb of frequency (usually, always, often, never, etc.)
e.g. I often eat at the Japanese restaurant in the city centre.

‘be/get used to’

If you are used to something, you are accustomed to it – you don’t find it unusual. If you get used to something or youare getting used to something you are becoming accustomed to it – it was strange, now it’s not so strange.

·                                 I found Slovak food very strange at first but I’m used to it now.

·                                 I’m getting used to driving on the right.

Both ‘be used to’ and ‘get used to’ are followed by a noun (or pronoun) or the gerund – the ‘ing’ form of a verb.

·                                 I can’t get used to getting up so early. I’m tired all the time.

·                                 He’s not used to the weather here yet. He’s finding it very cold.

‘Be/get used to’ can be used with past, present and future tenses.

·                                 You might find it strange at first but you’ll soon get used to it.

·                                 He wasn’t used to the heat and he caught sunstroke.

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Have and Have Got - Explanation

Have and Have got - Explanation

Affirmative sentences

>have<	>have got<
I have a brother.	I have got a brother. I've got a brother.
You have a sister.	You have got a sister. You've got a sister.
He has a cat.	He has got a cat. He's got a cat.
She has a dog.	She has got a dog. She's got a dog.
It has Bluetooth.	It has got Bluetooth. It's got Bluetooth.
We have books.	We have got books. We've got books.
You have a nice room.	You have got a nice room. You've got a nice room.
They have pets.	They have got pets. They've got pets.

have got is often used in its contracted form even in written language.

Negative sentences

>have<	>have got<
I do not have a brother. I don't have a brother.	I have not got a brother. or I haven't got a brother. or I've not got a brother.
You do not have a sister. You don't have a sister.	You have not got a sister. or You haven't got a sister. or You've not got a sister.
He does not have a cat. He doesn't have a cat.	He has not got a cat. or He hasn't got a cat. or He's not got a cat.
She does not have a dog. She doesn't have a dog.	She has not got a dog. or She hasn't got a dog. or She's not got a dog.
It does not have Bluetooth. It doesn't have Bluetooth.	It has not got Bluetooth. or It hasn't got Bluetooth. or It's not got Bluetooth.
We do not have books. We don't have books.	We have not got books. or We haven't got books. or We've not got books.
You do not have a nice room. You don't have a nice room.	You have not got a nice room. or You haven't got a nice room. or You've not got a nice room.
They do not have pets. They don't have pets.	They have not got pets. or They haven't got pets. or They've not got pets.

Questions

>have<	>have got<
Do I have time?	Have I got time?
Do you have pets?	Have you got pets?
Does he have a computer?	Has he got a computer?
Does she have a mobile phone?	Has she got a mobile phone?
Does it have mudguards?	Has it got mudguards?
Do we have ketchup?	Have we got ketchup?
Do you have a yellow car?	Have you got a yellow car?
Do they have nice teachers?	Have they got nice teachers?

Negations in questions:

Don't you have a brother?

Haven't you got a brother?

---

Be careful!

1) The contracted forms 've or 's are only used with have got - not with have.

correct	incorrect
I've got a new mobile phone.	I've a new mobile phone.
He's got a new car.	He's a new car.

2) Do not use an auxiliary with have got - only with have. Be careful when using negations.

correct	incorrect
Have you got a garden?	Do you have got a garden?
Do you have a pet?	Have you a pet?
They haven't got a house.	They haven't a house.

3) >have< cannot always be substituted with >have got<. You can only substitute >have< with >have got< when you talk about possession and relationships.

have got	have
I've got a brother.	I have a brother.
incorrect: I had got an accident.	I had an accident.
incorrect: We had got lunch.	We had lunch.

---

Note:

In American English >have< is dropped in informal speech like in the following example.

We've got a problem. -> We got a problem.

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